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Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both these are imprecise terms, both having been commonly referred to as lattens in the past. Today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted, especially by museums
The basic properties of copper alloys are largely influenced by the properties of copper itself. Copper is known to possess certain unique qualities that make it the best engineering material for bearing applications. These are:
- High thermal conductivity
- Excellent ductility and toughness over a wide range of temperatures
- Excellent corrosion resistance in many different environments
The copper atom is quite similar to an atom of gold or silver, which together with copper make up a group in the periodic table of the elements. Everyone is aware of the excellent electrical conductivity of copper, which results from copper’s atomic structure. Within the copper atom lattice a cloud of free electrons is uniquely available for the transfer of electrical current. This same cloud of electrons also enhances the efficient transfer of thermal energy.
Classification of copper and its alloys
|
Family
|
Principal alloying element
|
UNS numbers
|
|---|---|---|
|
Copper alloys, brass
|
Zinc (Zn)
|
C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800
|
|
Phosphor bronze
|
Tin (Sn)
|
C5xxxx
|
|
Aluminium bronzes
|
Aluminium (Al)
|
C60600–C64200
|
|
Silicon bronzes
|
Silicon (Si)
|
C64700–C66100
|
|
Copper nickel, nickel silvers
|
Nickel (Ni)
|
C7xxxx
|
Chemical Composition Of Copper Alloys
Chemical composition of copper alloys
|
Family
|
CDA
|
AMS
|
UNS
|
Cu [%]
|
Sn [%]
|
Pb [%]
|
Zn [%]
|
Ni [%]
|
Fe [%]
|
Al [%]
|
Other [%]
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Red brass
|
833
|
C83300
|
93
|
1.5
|
1.5
|
4
|
|||||
|
C83400
|
90
|
10
|
|||||||||
|
836
|
4855B
|
C83600
|
85
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
|||||
|
838
|
C83800
|
83
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
||||||
|
Semi-red brass
|
844
|
C84400
|
81
|
3
|
7
|
9
|
|||||
|
845
|
C84500
|
78
|
3
|
7
|
12
|
||||||
|
848
|
C84800
|
76
|
3
|
6
|
15
|
||||||
|
Manganese bronze
|
C86100
|
67
|
0.5
|
21
|
3
|
5
|
Mn 4
|
||||
|
862†
|
C86200
|
64
|
26
|
3
|
4
|
Mn 3
|
|||||
|
863†
|
4862B
|
C86300
|
63
|
25
|
3
|
6
|
Mn 3
|
||||
|
865
|
4860A
|
C86500
|
58
|
0.5
|
39.5
|
1
|
1
|
Mn 0.25
|
|||
|
Tin bronze
|
903
|
C90300
|
88
|
8
|
4
|
||||||
|
905
|
4845D
|
C90500
|
88
|
10
|
0.3 max
|
2
|
|||||
|
907
|
C90700
|
89
|
11
|
0.5 max
|
0.5 max
|
||||||
|
Leaded tin bronze
|
922
|
C92200
|
88
|
6
|
1.5
|
4.5
|
|||||
|
923
|
C92300
|
87
|
8
|
1 max
|
4
|
||||||
|
926
|
4846A
|
C92600
|
87
|
10
|
1
|
2
|
|||||
|
927
|
C92700
|
88
|
10
|
2
|
0.7 max
|
||||||
|
High-leaded tin bronze
|
932
|
C93200
|
83
|
7
|
7
|
3
|
|||||
|
934
|
C93400
|
84
|
8
|
8
|
0.7 max
|
||||||
|
935
|
C93500
|
85
|
5
|
9
|
1
|
0.5 max
|
|||||
|
937
|
4842A
|
C93700
|
80
|
10
|
10
|
0.7 max
|
|||||
|
938
|
C93800
|
78
|
7
|
15
|
0.75 max
|
||||||
|
943
|
4840A
|
C94300
|
70
|
5
|
25
|
0.7 max
|
|||||
|
Aluminium bronze
|
952
|
C95200
|
88
|
3
|
9
|
||||||
|
953
|
C95200
|
89
|
1
|
10
|
|||||||
|
954
|
4870B
4872B |
C95400
|
85
|
4
|
11
|
||||||
|
C95410
|
85
|
4
|
11
|
Ni 2
|
|||||||
|
955
|
C95500
|
81
|
4
|
4
|
11
|
||||||
|
C95600
|
91
|
7
|
Si 2
|
||||||||
|
C95700
|
75
|
2
|
3
|
8
|
Mn 12
|
||||||
|
958
|
C95800
|
81
|
5
|
4
|
9
|
Mn 1
|
|||||
|
Silicon bronze
|
C87200
|
89
|
Si 4
|
||||||||
|
C87400
|
83
|
14
|
Si 3
|
||||||||
|
C87500
|
82
|
14
|
Si 4
|
||||||||
|
C87600
|
90
|
5.5
|
Si 4.5
|
||||||||
|
878
|
C87800
|
80
|
14
|
Si 4
|
|||||||
|
C87900
|
65
|
34
|
Si 1
|
||||||||
|
† Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties
|
|||||||||||
Mechanical properties of common copper alloys
|
Name
|
Nominal composition (percentages)
|
Form and condition
|
Yield strength (0.2% offset, ksi)
|
Tensile strength (ksi)
|
Elongation in 2 inches (percent)
|
Hardness (Brinell scale) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Copper (ASTM B1, B2, B3, B152, B124, R133)
|
Cu 99.9
|
Annealed
|
10
|
32
|
45
|
42 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-drawn
|
40
|
45
|
15
|
90 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-rolled
|
40
|
46
|
5
|
100 |
|
Gilding metal (ASTM B36)
|
Cu 95.0, Zn 5.0
|
Cold-rolled
|
50
|
56
|
5
|
114 |
|
Cartridge brass (ASTM B14, B19, B36, B134, B135)
|
Cu 70.0, Zn 30.0
|
Cold-rolled
|
63
|
76
|
8
|
155 |
|
Phosphor bronze (ASTM B103, B139, B159)
|
Cu 89.75, Sn 10.0, P 0.25
|
Spring temper
|
—
|
122
|
4
|
241 |
|
Yellow or High brass (ASTM B36, B134, B135)
|
Cu 65.0, Zn 35.0
|
Annealed
|
18
|
48
|
60
|
55 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-drawn
|
55
|
70
|
15
|
115 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-rolled (HT)
|
60
|
74
|
10
|
180 |
|
Manganese bronze (ASTM 138)
|
Cu 58.5, Zn 39.2, Fe 1.0, Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3
|
Annealed
|
30
|
60
|
30
|
95 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-drawn
|
50
|
80
|
20
|
180 |
|
Naval brass (ASTM B21)
|
Cu 60.0, Zn 39.25, Sn 0.75
|
Annealed
|
22
|
56
|
40
|
90 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-drawn
|
40
|
65
|
35
|
150 |
|
Muntz metal (ASTM B111)
|
Cu 60.0, Zn 40.0
|
Annealed
|
20
|
54
|
45
|
80 |
|
Aluminium bronze (ASTM B169 alloy A, B124, B150)
|
Cu 92.0, Al 8.0
|
Annealed
|
25
|
70
|
60
|
80 |
|
“
|
“
|
Hard
|
65
|
105
|
7
|
210 |
|
Beryllium copper (ASTM B194, B196, B197)
|
Cu 97.75, Be 2.0, Co or Ni 0.25
|
Annealed, solution-treated
|
32
|
70
|
45
|
B60 (Rockwell) |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-rolled
|
104
|
110
|
5
|
B81 (Rockwell) |
|
Free-cutting brass
|
Cu 62.0, Zn 35.5, Pb 2.5
|
Cold-drawn
|
44
|
70
|
18
|
B80 (Rockwell) |
|
Nickel silver (ASTM B122)
|
Cu 65.0, Zn 17.0, Ni 18.0
|
Annealed
|
25
|
58
|
40
|
70 |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-rolled
|
70
|
85
|
4
|
170 |
|
Nickel silver (ASTM B149)
|
Cu 76.5, Ni 12.5, Pb 9.0, Sn 2.0
|
Cast
|
18
|
35
|
15
|
55 |
|
Cupronickel (ASTM B111, B171)
|
Cu 88.35, Ni 10.0, Fe 1.25, Mn 0.4
|
Annealed
|
22
|
44
|
45
|
– |
|
“
|
“
|
Cold-drawn tube
|
57
|
60
|
15
|
– |
|
Cupronickel
|
Cu 70.0, Ni 30.0
|
Wrought
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
– |
|
Ounce metal Copper Alloy C83600 (also known as “Red brass” or “composition metal”) (ASTM B62)
|
Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0
|
Cast
|
17
|
37
|
25
|
60 |
|
Gunmetal (known as “red brass” in US)
|
Varies Cu 80-90%, Zn <5%, Sn ~10%, +other elements@ <1%
|
Specification
|
ISO
|
British
|
CEN
|
ASTM
|
Description
|
|
Designation
|
Standard
|
Number
|
Equivalent
|
|
|
Cu-ETP1
|
C100
|
CW003A
|
Electrolytically refined higher purity copper
|
|
|
Cu-ETP
|
C101
|
CW003A
|
C11000
|
Electrolytic, tough pitch high conductivity
|
|
CuAg(0.04)
|
C101
|
CW011A
|
Silver bearing copper
|
|
|
CuAg(0.07)
|
CW012A
|
Silver bearing copper
|
||
|
CuAg(0.10)
|
CW013A
|
Silver bearing copper
|
||
|
Cu-FRHC
|
C102
|
CW005A
|
C11020
|
Fire refined, tough pitch, high-conductivity
|
|
Cu-HCP
|
CW021A
|
High conductivity phosphorus deoxidised
|
||
|
Cu-DLP
|
CW023A
|
C12000
|
Low phosphorus deoxidised copper
|
|
|
Cu-FRTP
|
C104
|
CW006A
|
C12500
|
Tough pitch, non-arsenical copper
|
|
CuAs
|
C105
|
Tough pitch arsenical copper
|
||
|
Cu-DHP
|
C106
|
CW024A
|
C12200
|
Phosphorus deoxidised non-arsenical
|
|
CuAsP
|
C107
|
C14200
|
Phosphorus deoxidised arsenical copper
|
|
|
CuAg(0.04P)
|
CW014A
|
Silver bearing deoxidised copper
|
||
|
CuAg(0.07P)
|
CW015A
|
Silver bearing deoxidised copper
|
||
|
CuAg(0.10P)
|
CW016A
|
Silver bearing deoxidised copper
|
||
|
Cu-OF
|
C103
|
CW008A
|
C10200
|
Oxygen free, high conductivity copper
|
|
Cu-OFE
|
C110
|
CW009A
|
C10100
|
Oxygen free, high conductivity copper,
|
|
CuCd1
|
C108
|
C16200
|
Copper-cadmium
|
|
|
CuCr1
|
CC101
|
CW105C
|
C18200
|
Copper-chromium
|
|
CuCr1Zr
|
CC102
|
CW106C
|
Copper-chromium-zirconium
|
|
|
CuNi1Si
|
CW109C
|
C191010
|
Copper-nickel-silicon
|
|
|
CuNi2Si
|
CC102
|
CW111C
|
C70250
|
Copper-nickel-silicon
|
|
CuNi3Si
|
CW112C
|
C70320
|
Copper-nickel-silicon
|
|
|
CuNi4AlSi
|
Copper-nickel aluminium silicon
|
|||
|
CuNiP
|
C113
|
CW108C
|
Copper-nickel-phosphorus
|
|
|
CuBe2
|
CB101
|
CW101C
|
C17200
|
Copper-beryllium
|
|
CuBe2Pb
|
CW102C
|
C17300
|
Leaded copper-beryllium
|
|
|
CuNi2Be
|
CW110C
|
C17510
|
Copper-nickel-beryllium
|
|
|
CuCo2Be
|
C112
|
CW104C
|
C17500
|
Copper-cobalt-beryllium
|
|
CuCo1Ni1Be
|
CW103C
|
Copper-cobalt-beryllium
|
||
|
CuZr
|
CW120C
|
C15000
|
Copper-zirconium
|
|
|
CuSi2Mn
|
CW115C
|
C65100
|
Copper-silicon
|
|
|
CuSi3Mn1
|
CS101
|
CW116C
|
C65500
|
Copper-silicon
|
|
CuTeP
|
C109
|
CW118C
|
C14500
|
Copper-tellurium
|
|
CuSP
|
C111
|
CW114C
|
C14700
|
Copper-sulphur
|
|
CuPb1P
|
CW113C
|
C18700
|
Copper-lead
|
|
|
CuZn0.5
|
CW119C
|
Copper-zinc
|
||
|
Cu-G
|
HCC1
|
CS040A
|
High conductivity copper
|
|
|
G-CuSn
|
Copper with small additions
|
|||
|
CuCr1-G
|
CC1-TF
|
CS140C
|
Copper-chromium
|
|
|
CP140C
|
||||
|
G-CuNiP
|
Copper-nickel-phosphorus
|
|||
|
G-CuNi2Si
|
Copper-nickel -silicon
|
|||
|
G-CuCo2Be
|
Copper-cobalt-beryllium
|
|||
|
G-CuBe
|
Copper-beryllium
|
|||
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